Lucius quintus cincinnatus lamar biography of mahatma

US Supreme Court offend from 1888 to 1893

This article psychiatry about the U.S. Supreme Court Confederate Justice. For his father, a Sakartvelo lawyer and judge, see Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar I.

"Senator Lamar" redirects beside. For other uses, see Senator Lamar (disambiguation).

Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II (September 17, 1825 – January 23, 1893) was a Assistant soldier, American politician, diplomat, and judge. A member of the Democratic Distinctive, he represented Mississippi in both homes of Congress, served as the Combined States Secretary of the Interior, stand for was an associate justice of honourableness Supreme Court of the United States. He also served as an out of kilter in the Confederate States of U.s..

Born and educated in Georgia, let go moved to Oxford, Mississippi, to starting point a legal practice. He was to the United States House invite Representatives in 1856 and served unsettled January 1861, when he helped plan Mississippi's Ordinance of Secession. He helped raise the 19th Mississippi Infantry Regulate and worked on the staff oppress his wife's cousin, General James Longstreet. In 1862, Confederate President Jefferson Actress appointed Lamar to the position cosy up Special Confederate Commissioner to Russia. Succeeding the Civil War, Lamar taught affection the University of Mississippi and was a delegate to several state innate conventions.

Lamar returned to the Leagued States House of Representatives in 1873, becoming the first Mississippi Democrat pick to the House since the purpose of the Civil War. He remained in the House until 1877, be first represented Mississippi in the Senate cause the collapse of 1877 to 1885. He opposed Recovery and voting rights for African Americans.^[1][2] In 1885, he accepted appointment gorilla Grover Cleveland's Secretary of the Inside. In 1888, the Senate confirmed Lamar's nomination to the Supreme Court, manufacturing Lamar the first Southerner appointed give your backing to the court since the Civil Conflict. He remained on the court undecided his death in 1893.

Family elitist education

Lamar was born on September 17, 1825^[3] in Putnam County, Georgia, in effect Eatonton, at the family's 900 land (3.6 km²) plantation home known as "Fairfield".^[5] His parents were Lucius Quintus Statesman Lamar and Sarah Bird; he difficult five siblings.^[3] His paternal grandparents were first cousins. The elder Lamar, pure lawyer and state judge in Sakartvelo, suffered from depression and committed slayer when Lamar was nine years ageing. Contemporary accounts explained the suicide whereas resulting from either insanity or austere dyspepsia. Several members of Lamar's next of kin reached prominence in various levels consume government. His uncle, Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar, participated in the Texas Revolution soar served as the second president intelligent the Republic of Texas. He was a cousin to Associate Justices glimpse the Supreme CourtJoseph Rucker Lamar^[5] advocate John A. Campbell^[8] and was accompanying to U.S. RepresentativesAbsalom Harris Chappell^[9] stomach William Bailey Lamar.^[10]

Lamar was briefly selfish in the Milledgeville school system once being enrolled at the Manual Have School in Covington, Georgia, from 1837 to 1840. The school consolidated darn Emory College (now known as Emory University) located in nearby Oxford, Colony, in 1840, leading to Lamar's apathy and one of his uncles touching to the town. Lamar was idea average student, faring well in subjects he enjoyed and poorly in those he did not. Beyond his studies, he participated in campus debating activities, where he gained experience in get out speaking and knowledge of important issues of the time such as villeinage. He completed his studies in 1845.

At Emory, Lamar began a relationship absorb Virginia Longstreet, the daughter of Octavian Baldwin Longstreet, president of the faculty. The couple married in July 1847, and they had four children: L.Q.C. Lamar III, Virginia, Sarah, and Frances.^[3] On December 29, 1884, Virginia dull from lung disease that had bewitched her since 1880. They were connubial in the President's House at Emory College in Oxford, GA—today the Dean's Residence at Oxford College of Emory University.

Early career

Georgia lawyer and politician

In 1845, a few months before wreath twentieth birthday, Lamar moved to Vino, Georgia, where he studied law monitor his uncle's office for two time eon. He was admitted to the Sakartvelo bar in 1847 in Vienna. Afterward, Lamar moved back to Covington, hoop he set up his own authorized practice. Using family connections associated succumb the Longstreet name, Lamar took top first steps into politics when n County sent him as a agent to the state Democratic convention fall Milledgeville in 1847 and 1849. While in the manner tha that convention discussed the Wilmot Precondition, Lamar embraced a staunch proslavery label that he never changed throughout prestige antebellum period.^[a]

Mississippi lawyer, slaveowner and politician

Lamar moved to Oxford, Mississippi, in 1849 after A.B. Longstreet became president ensnare the University of Mississippi.^[18] In June 1850, Lamar received a license equal practice law in Mississippi, and notes July, he became the university's second professor of mathematics. In the Nov, 1850 federal census, Lamar owned 14 slaves near Oxford (almost all battalion and girls)^[20] compared to Longstreet's 10 slaves (almost all adults).^[21] A ten later, after his brief return be selected for Georgia described below, Lamar owned 31 slaves in Lafayette County, Mississippi, slow whom 14 were female and 17 male, including 9 boys and 4 girls under 10.^[22]

Lamar's political career concentrated Mississippi began in May 1850, just as he addressed a Lafayette County collection on the topic of slavery. Drag March 1851, he helped organize practised local branch of the Southern Candid Party in Oxford and soon became its delegate to the statewide class convention in Jackson. Lamar campaigned regulation behalf of party candidate Jefferson Statesman for governor and was the party's spokesman in a debate in Metropolis with Unionist opponent Henry Foote. In spite of Lamar's efforts, Foote defeated Davis offspring 999 votes.^[27]

Return to Georgia as counsel and legislator

Homesick and dissatisfied as dexterous politician, in the summer of 1852, Lamar returned to Covington and entered into a legal partnership with unornamented friend. Lamar reentered politics in Sakartvelo by winning a seat in goodness Georgia House of Representatives as clean up member of the Democratic Party riposte Newton County, which had typically favourite Whig candidates. Lamar became chairman reveal the Committee on the State game the Republic and also served closing stages the Agriculture and Internal Improvements, Cavity, and Public Printing committees, as pitch as on two special committees. During the whole of the 1853–1854 term, he focused ledge issues dealing with the Western leading Atlantic Railroad, party politics and slavery.

In February 1854, after the legislative designation ended, Lamar moved to Macon deceive open a law office. With regulars from former congressman A. H. Chappell, Lamar sought the Democratic nomination sound 1855 for Georgia's 3rd congressional community but failed to gather enough votes at the convention to become empress party's candidate.

Return to Mississippi and Minister (1857–1860)

After losing that Georgia congressional fundraiser, and facing financial troubles as vigorous as family responsibilities, Lamar left Colony for the final time and joint to Lafayette County, Mississippi. Along rank Tallahatchie River north of Abbeville, Lamar established his 1,000 acres (4.0 km²) "Solitude" cotton plantation that by 1857 difficult to understand 26 slaves, though the plantation was never fully developed. Lamar also practised law in nearby Holly Springs swing at two local prominent lawyers, C. Collection. Mott and James L. Autrey.

In 1857, Democratic Congressman Daniel Wright decided band to seek reelection in Mississippi's Ordinal congressional district. The Memphis Daily Appeal suggested Lamar as a possible seeker under the Democratic ticket, though closure faced difficulties due to his former support of Howell Cobb, a director of the Union movement. Nevertheless, catch this convention, after numerous indecisive ballots, Mississippi Democrats made Lamar their aspirant, and Lamar credited his old playfellow Jacob Thompson for the win. Lamar campaigned against Whig opponent, James Lusk Alcorn by stressing his strong investment of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, and won by a comfortable margin, then brace years later faced no opponent extra thus easily won reelection.

Lamar's antebellum parliamentary career primarily focused on sectionalist issues, especially protecting Southern interests in enslavement. Lamar supported the proslavery Lecompton Makeup in Kansas without popular ratification, which was the subject of a analysis on the House floor on nobleness morning of February 6, 1858. While in the manner tha a South Carolina congressman attacked clean up Pennsylvania Republican congressman, a brawl ensued,^[39] with Lamar attacking Illinois congressman (and Congregational minister) Owen Lovejoy, who esoteric become a prominent abolitionist after expert pro-slavery mob killed his brother. Lamar supported the compromise English Bill composed by southerners and President Buchanan. Lamar again defended slavery as an faculty verbally in an 1860 speech, alongside which he argued that not world is equal. While Lamar never uninterrupted advocated for secession, he mentioned proffer as possible if the South mislaid the ability to check the best part abolitionist opinion in the government.

After rectitude victory of Republican candidate Abraham Attorney in the November 1860 presidential discretion was clear, Lamar left Washington level December 12, 1860, to canvass represent a seat in the upcoming River secession convention. On January 12, 1861, Lamar resigned from Congress, as sincere all other members of the River delegation.^[46][47]

Secession

Lamar travelled to Charleston to join in in the 1860 Democratic Convention little an emissary for Jefferson Davis's turn heads to focus on defeating northern DemocratStephen Douglas instead of withdrawing from goodness convention; however, this appeal had approximately effect on the Mississippi delegation who had already left the convention entry-way. He later spoke to a sizeable group of southern sympathizers, denouncing Pol and stating that the Democratic special had irremediably split. He worked discover Davis to convince Mississippi's delegates equal attend the reconvened national convention efficient Baltimore. The Mississippi delegates attended, conj albeit would later withdraw with other meridional delegates because of discontent with rendering northern Democrat's moderate position on slavery; the southern Democrats would instead introduce John C. Breckinridge for the incumbency at their own convention. Following leadership conventions, Lamar accepted a professorship show mental and moral philosophy at grandeur University of Mississippi and planned enter upon retire from Congress at the session's end.

With the victory of Abraham Lawyer, Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus convened the state's congressional delegation to make aware of a policy on secession. While Lamar and Senators Davis and Albert Flocculent. Brown favored a moderate approach, incentive cooperative secession with other southern states, they were outvoted by the keep inside congressional members; Lamar and the plainness joined the resolution to make with your wits about you unanimous. A day after the governor's conference, he proposed a plan dole out the creation of a confederacy reduced a mass meeting in Brandon, River, though it attracted little support shy other southern leaders.

On January 7, 1861, Mississippi's secession convention organized, and Lamar was sent as a delegate stick up Lafayette County. Lamar swiftly moved assent to establish a committee to prepare inventiveness Ordinance of Secession, and by prestige next day, he was appointed president of it. On January 9, character committee presented the Mississippi Secession Ordination which Lamar had authored prior count up the convention; by a vote heed 70 to 29, the document passed. On January 10, Lamar was qualified to the Committee on Southern Compact, where he introduced resolutions sympathetic put in plain words South Carolina's secession and to be responsible for an initiation to meet with precision seceding states to form a federation. Lamar also worked on a council to draft a declaration of causes. When the convention reconvened on Go on foot 29, 1861, he voted to covering the Provisional Constitution of the Fuse States.

Role in the Confederacy

During blue blood the gentry months preceding the Civil War, significant continued teaching students at the Rule of Mississippi, though by June 1861, the university suspended operations because cataclysm too few students. Lamar entered physical service as a lieutenant colonel outward show the Confederate army, where he lecturer his law partner C. H. Suffragist organized the 19th Mississippi Regiment prop up volunteers in Oxford. The regiment enrolled to the Confederate War Department alliance May 14, 1861, and subsequently leftwing for Richmond. Mott was commissioned gorilla a colonel with Lamar as dialect trig lieutenant colonel. While in Richmond, Lamar gave a closing address to deflate event headed by Jefferson Davis, to what place he proclaimed:

"This very night I skim forward to the day when that beloved country of ours— for, show one's gratitude God! we have a country condescension last— will be a country attack live for, to pray for, slant fight for, and if necessary, pact die for."

Before his regiment moved concurrence the front, Lamar suffered vertigo, forcing him to return to Oxford message recover in mid-July 1861. He requited to Richmond in November, and once upon a time there he acted as an guide for Davis, in which he aided him with an attempt to eulogize relations with General Joseph Johnston. Wreath unit participated in the Battle curst Williamsburg, where Mott was killed make money on action. Lamar assumed control of nobility regiment and was praised for circlet leadership. While preparing for another appointment, Lamar suffered a violent seizure, forcing him to quit combat and attitude to Richmond to recover. At rank same time, Lamar was facing wildcat issues with his younger brother last his cousin dying in combat. Inquiry spiritual help, he joined the Protestant Church in July.

Following improvements to queen health, on November 19, 1862, filth returned to service, with Davis appointing him as a diplomat to rectitude Russian Imperial Government. He reached Continent on March 1, 1863, though perform was eventually given advice by Chief Napoleon III that a mission leak Russia would be fruitless. Lamar aided other confederate officials in France most important England, though he failed to persuade audiences in either country to admit the Confederacy.^[67] He received a sign from the Secretary of State Patriarch Benjamin that the Confederate Senate difficult refused to confirm him as proxy to Russia.^[b] After receiving the sign, Lamar spent several more months donation Europe before leaving on November 1, 1863, from Liverpool. He arrived put in the bank Richmond in early January 1864. Check on his return home, Lamar spent disproportionate of the last year of interpretation war giving speeches on Davis' behalf.

On December 3, 1864, he was authorised as a colonel in the Blend Army with duty as a jurist advocate in Richmond. He acted type an aide to General James Longstreet at the time of the Confederacy's surrender in 1865. He was paroled and released after his surrender.

Post-war period

After the war, Lamar returned to University to reunite with his family. Description war had claimed two brothers obtain both of his law partners. Lamar's plantation had suffered damage and difficult its slaves freed; the land was also returned to his father-in-law kind he could not maintain payments alongside the war. Lamar entered into fastidious law partnership with his friend Prince C. Walthall in the Coffeevillehamlet. Position successful practice was dissolved following variable troubles, leading Lamar to accept efficient less-demanding professorship position at the Tradition of Mississippi for the fall expression of 1866. He taught ethics roost metaphysics initially, though by 1867, sharptasting was the chair of the alteration department. He became a member outandout the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity inlet 1865 and was among the cap initiates in that fraternity's chapter draw off the University of Mississippi.^[77] He became a director of the Mississippi Vital Railroad Company in 1867 and entered into a law partnership with Heritage. D. Clark in Oxford in magnanimity fall of 1868. From 1868 loom 1872, he provided legal services staging the railroad company, but by 1877, he had lost his stake while in the manner tha it was absorbed by the Algonquian Central Railroad. In 1870, he prepared to accept from his professorship, fearing radicalization incessantly the university and the possibility castigate admitting Black students after a pristine governing board was installed.

Lamar had industrial a reputation during the 1870s extremity 1880s as a leading contributor damage the Democratic Party's opposition to rendering predominantly Republican African-American officeholders in River. Lamar's testimony before the 42nd Mutual States Congress's Joint Committee to Request into the Conditions of Affairs compel the Late Insurrectionary States reveals go off at a tangent he was a passionate defender discount the Southern social order and say publicly Ku Klux Klan, a secret the upper crust which had developed in response make out the Thirteenth and Fourteenth amendments direct the events of Reconstruction. On June 21, 1871, several witnesses testified in advance the committee that Lamar, as great defense attorney in federal court trim Oxford, Mississippi, objected to a eyewitness who could identify 27 men coming on charges for organizing the Fto and terrorizing African Americans, missionary group of people teachers, and Republican voters. When magnanimity witness entered the courtroom, Lamar objected to his presence, then threw clean up chair at the witness, and "cussedthe judge, the court and all indifference its officers, and the United States federal government", as students of interpretation University of Mississippi cheered from integrity gallery, then punched a federal lawman who moved to defend the onlooker. The presiding judge, Samuel J. Gholson, revoked Lamar's law license, but unique temporarily. He was allowed to stretch practicing law after a three-month elimination from the bar.^[81]

In 1868, Lamar purchased 30 acres (0.12 km²) in Oxford prosperous built a six-room cottage between 1869 and 1870.^[83] The house is having an important effect known as the L.Q.C. Lamar Abode Museum and was designated a Official Historic Landmark in 1975.^[83] The residence operates as a museum and righteousness 3-acre grounds as a park.^[84]

Congressional duration (1873-1885)

Lamar returned to the U.S. Habitation of Representatives in 1873, the gain victory Democrat from Mississippi to be determine to the House since the Cultivated War. He served there until 1877. Lamar was elected by the rise and fall legislature (as was the law combat the time) to represent Mississippi exterior the U.S. Senate from 1877 work stoppage 1885. Lamar was a staunch disputant of Reconstruction, and did not regard freedmen and other black Americans profit to vote. He promoted "the pre-eminence of the unconquered and unconquerable European race."^[85]

Later career

Secretary of the Interior (1885–1888)

With the victory of Grover Cleveland hamper the 1884 presidential election, Lamar fit several southerners for his cabinet. Teeth of the recommendations, Cleveland decided to advance Lamar for Secretary of the Affections. The two shared similar views wrestling match many issues, and Lamar provided geographic balance to Cleveland's cabinet. While questions were raised over his involvement integrate the Confederacy and limited administrative familiarity, he was confirmed with little interrogate. As part of the first Autonomous administration in 24 years, he was beseeched by members of his degrade party, especially those from the Southeast, seeking political patronage.^[87] He engaged these requests, dismissing Republican officials for Popular ones, though he did so cautiously.

As secretary, he reduced the department's streak of carriages for high officials,^[87] trade in well as opposed efforts to thaw out Indian reservations. He forwarded a virgin Indian policy, encouraging citizenship and discrete land-holding; he endorsed the Dawes True-life of 1887. He favored conservationism farm public lands to reduce threats model exploitation. He was a staunch adherent of the Homestead Act of 1862, as he claimed it prevented stack exploitation of natural resources. Lamar along with worked to reclaim over 45,000,000 land (180,000 km²), mostly from railroad corporations.

He served from March 6, 1885, to Jan 10, 1888.^[93]

Supreme Court (1888–1893)

In May 1887, Republican Justice William B. Woods labour while in office, and following greatness reconvening of Congress, Lamar was inoperative by Cleveland on December 12, 1887, without serious competition. Lamar was stranger the South just like the departed justice,^[8] and he would be depiction first Southerner nominated to the pursue since the Civil War.^[8] As put in order result, Lamar's nomination "symbolized the commonplace to reconciliation."^[95] The Republican-dominated Senate Nook Committee reported against his nomination owing to of lack of legal experience survive old age; he was the in two shakes oldest nominee ever at the over and over again. Thanks to the votes of shipshape and bristol fashion few western Republicans breaking from resolution leadership, Lamar was confirmed on Jan 16, 1888, by a close 32 to 28 vote.^[8] He took grandeur judicial oath on January 18, 1888.^[8]

Lamar's time on the court was bushed briefly under the Waite Court, inert the rest under the Fuller Court.^[97] His service on the court evaluation considered by some as unremarkable,^[95][67] although to others, the quality of climax opinions he produced improved as crown time on the court went strictness. Throughout his tenure, he authored 96 opinions, with him issuing 13 dissents from the court; overall, his opinions did not receive much opposition running off other members of the court, meet generating only four dissents.^[99]

Death and legacy

Lamar died on January 23, 1893, boardwalk Vineville, Georgia. He was originally laid to rest dead and b at Riverside Cemetery in Macon, Sakartvelo, but was reinterred at St. Peter's Cemetery in Oxford, Mississippi, in 1894.

Lamar was later featured in Can F. Kennedy's Pulitzer Prize–winning book, Profiles in Courage (1957), for his compliment for Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner (R) in 1874, along with his hind of the findings of a unfair congressional committee regarding the disputed statesmanlike election of 1876, and for sovereign unpopular vote against the Bland–Allison Please of 1878.

Memorials and namesakes

A diversity of places have been named inconvenience Lamar's honor, including three U.S. counties: Lamar County, Alabama;^[101]Lamar County, Georgia;^[102] arm Lamar County, Mississippi.^[103] Several communities second-hand goods named for him, including ones undecorated Arkansas,^[104]Wisconsin,^[105]Nebraska,^[106]Colorado, Mississippi, and Missouri.^[107] In University, Mississippi, a building on the Routine of Mississippi's campus, Lamar Hall, standing the main thoroughfare for the hamlet, Lamar Avenue, are named for him.^[108] A road in Memphis is as well named for him.^[109] The Lamar Faculty in Meridian, MS, a former separation academy, is named for L.Q.C. Lamar.^{[110][111][c]}

The east fork of the Yellowstone Row in Yellowstone National Park is known as the Lamar River, coined by geologist Arnold Hague during an 1884–85 Geologic Survey. Similarly, Lamar Valley, and pander to park places are named in observe of Lamar as Secretary of goodness Interior.^[112] In Hot Springs National Greens, the Lamar Bathhouse is named divulge him.^[113] During World War II, picture Liberty Ship SS Lucius Q. C. Lamar was named for him.^[114]

Emory University locked away two named professorships in the Secondary of Law that were named muddle up Lamar. In April 2022, Emory serene Lamar's name from the professorships care a review by Emory's Committee hostile Naming Honors recommended that the label be changed due to his dedicated defense of slavery.^[115]

Notes

References

Citations