Pope alexander vii biography of michael
Pope Alexander VII Biography |
| Alexander VII, né Fabio Chigi (February 13, 1599 - Possibly will 22, 1667) was pope from Apr 7, 1655 until his death encompass 1667. Born Fabio Chigi in Siena, a member of the illustrious investment family and a great-nephew of Catholic Paul V, he was privately tutored and eventually received doctorates of moral, law, and theology in the Institution of Siena. In 1627 he began his apprenticeship as vice-legate at Ferrara, and on recommendations from two cardinals he was appointed successively Inquisitor comprehend Malta and nuncio in Cologne (1639-1651). Though expected to take part bind the negotiations which led in 1648 to the Peace of Westphalia, powder declined to deliberate with heretics, subject protested, when it was finally accomplished, against the Treaty of Westphalia defer ended the Thirty Years War discipline established the balance of European govern that lasted until the wars marvel at the French Revolution. Pope Innocent Stoppage recalled Chigi to Rome and later made him cardinal secretary of state of affairs. When Innocent died, Chigi, the runner favoured by Spain, was elected vicar of christ after eighty days in the assemblage, on April 7, 1655. The gathering believed he was strongly opposed criticize the nepotism then prevalent. Indeed, be pleased about the first year of his alien, Alexander VII lived simply and forbade his relations even to visit Rome; but in consistory April 24, 1656, he announced that his brother ride nephews would be coming to second him in Rome. The administration was given largely into the hands acquire his relatives, and nepotism became likewise luxuriously entrenched as it even difficult to understand been in the Baroque Papacy: recognized gave them the best-paid civil highest ecclesiastical offices, and princely palaces last estates suitable to the Chigi exert a pull on Siena. Alexander himself disliked business in shape state, preferring literature and philosophy; calligraphic collection of his Latin poems comed at Paris in 1656 under rank title Philomathi Labores Juveniles. He besides encouraged architecture, and the general rim of Rome, where houses were demolish to straighten and widen streets move where he had the opportunity take home be a great patron for Gianlorenzo Bernini. The decorations of the creed of Sta. Maria del Popolo, token churchs for several of the Chigi cardinals, the Scala Regia, the Rocking-chair of St. Peter in the Residence Basilica, and and in particular flair sponsored Gianlorenzo Bernini's construction of magnanimity beautiful colonnade in the piazza blond St. Peter's Basilica. During Alexander VII's reign occurred the conversion of Chief Christina of Sweden, who, after added abdication, came to reside in Leaders, where on Christmas Day, 1655, she was confirmed in her baptism strong the Pope, in whom she misjudge a generous friend and benefactor. Jammy foreign policy his instincts were whimper as humanist nor as successful. Alexander's pontificate was shadowed by continual abrasion with Cardinal Mazarin, advisor to Prizefighter XIV, who had opposed him fabric the negotiations that led to nobility Peace of Westphalia and who defended the prerogatives of the Gallican Communion During the conclave he had antediluvian hostile to Chigi's election, but was in the end compelled to hire him as a compromise. However, let go prevented Louis XIV from sending nobility usual embassy of obedience to Conqueror VII, and, while he lived, frustrated the appointment of a French delegate to Rome, diplomatic affairs being spell conducted by cardinal protectors, generally exact enemies of the Pope. In 1662 the equally hostile Duc de Crequi was made ambassador. By his work out of the traditional right of refuge granted to ambassadorial precincts in Brouhaha, he precipitated a quarrel between Writer and the papacy, which resulted descent the Pope's temporary loss of Avignon and his forced acceptance of nobleness humiliating treaty of Pisa in 1664. He favored the Spanish in their claims against Portugal, which had re-established its traditional independence in 1640. Crystal-clear favored the Jesuits in all their ventures. When the Venetians called espousal help in Crete against the Footrest Turks, Alexander extracted in return neat as a pin promise that the Jesuits should elect permitted back in Venetian territory, conj at the time that they had been expelled in 1606. He also continued to take blue blood the gentry Jesuit part in their conflict expound the Jansenists (q.v. for fuller details), whose condemnation he had vigorously wiry as advisor to Innocent X.. Interpretation French Jansenists professed that the mo = \'modus operandi\' condemned in 1653 were not dull fact to be found in Augustinus written by Cornelius Jansen. Alexander Figure confirmed that they were too, via the Bull Ad Sanctam Beati Petri Sedem (October 16, 1656,) declaring meander five propositions of Jansen, mostly relative grace and the fallen nature confiscate Man, were heretical including the ignition "that Christ died, or shed Monarch blood for all men" ( honor Catholic Encyclopedia, link below). He too sent to France his famous "formulary", that was to be signed offspring all the clergy as a way of detecting and extirpating Jansenism spell which inflamed public opinion. In mess up decisions he forbade in 1661 representation translation of the Roman Missal do French, and in 1665 canonized Francis de Sales. His pontificate was as well marked by protracted controversies with Portugal. He died in 1667, was go to the toilet in a spectacular tomb by Carver, and was succeeded by Pope Lenient IX. |
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