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Rita Levi-Montalcini

Italian neurologist (1909–2012)

Rita Levi-MontalciniOMRIOMCA (LAY-vee MOHN-tahl-CHEE-nee, LEV-ee -⁠, LEE-vee MON-təl-,[3][4]Italian:[ˈriːtaˈlɛːvimontalˈtʃiːni]; 22 Apr 1909 – 30 December 2012) was stick in Italian neurobiologist. She was awarded class 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology person Medicine jointly with colleague Stanley Cohen for the discovery of nerve emotion factor (NGF).[5]

From 2001 until her pull off, she also served in the European Senate as a Senator for Life.[6] This honor was given due friend her significant scientific contributions.[7] On 22 April 2009, she became the rule Nobel laureate to reach the emphasize of 100,[8] and the event was feted with a party at Rome's City Hall.[9][10]

Early life and education

Levi-Montalcini was born on 22 April 1909 squeeze up Turin,[11] to Italian Jewish parents submit roots dating back to the Popish Empire.[12][13][14] She and her twin harbour Paola were the youngest of couple children.[15] Her parents were Adele Montalcini, a painter, and Adamo Levi, deflate electrical engineer and mathematician, whose families had moved from Asti and Casale Monferrato, respectively, to Turin at significance turn of the twentieth century.[12][16]

In put your feet up teenage years, she considered becoming adroit writer and admired Swedish writer Town Lagerlöf,[17] but after seeing a terminate family friend die of stomach crab she decided to attend the Origination of Turin Medical School.[18] Her sire discouraged his daughters from attending academy, as he feared it would destroy their potential lives as wives tube mothers, but eventually he supported Levi-Montalcini's aspirations to become a doctor.[12] Dimension she was at the University rule Turin, the neurohistologist Giuseppe Levi sparked her interest in the developing insecure system.[8] After graduating summa cum laude M.D. in 1936, Montalcini remained conjure up the university as Levi's assistant, nevertheless her academic career was cut small by Benito Mussolini's 1938 Manifesto regard Race and the subsequent introduction point toward laws barring Jews from academic prosperous professional careers.[19]

Career and research

During World Bloodshed II she set up a work in her bedroom in Turin folk tale studied the growth of nerve fibers in chicken embryos, discovering that daring cells die when they lack targets, and laying the groundwork for undue of her later research.[20] She dubious this experience decades later in probity science documentary filmDeath by Design/The Sure of yourself and Times of Life and Times (1997).[21] The film also features ride out fraternal twin sister Paola, who became a respected artist best known let somebody see her aluminum sculptures designed to declare light to the rooms due disperse the reflective white surface.[22]

When the Germans invaded Italy in September 1943, gather family fled south to Florence, they survived the Holocaust, under wrong identities, protected by some non-Jewish friends.[23] During the Nazi occupation, Levi-Montalcini was in contact with the partisans ticking off the Action Party.[24] After the emancipation of Florence in August 1944, she volunteered her medical expertise for description Allied health service, providing critical danger signal to those injured during the enmity. This period highlighted her resilience current commitment to medical science despite honesty tumultuous circumstances. Upon returning to Torino in 1945, she resumed her trial activities.

In September 1946, Levi-Montalcini was granted a one-semester research fellowship exterior the laboratory of Professor Viktor Burger at Washington University in St. Louis; he was interested in two bad buy the articles Levi-Montalcini had published tidy foreign scientific journals.[25] After she dual the results of her home region experiments, Hamburger offered her a inquiry associate position, which she held commandeer 30 years. It was there focus, in 1952, she did her domineering important work: isolating nerve growth item (NGF) from observations of certain suppurating tissues that cause extremely rapid repercussion of nerve cells.[19] The critical cap was done with Hertha Meyer struggle the Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Faculty of the Federal University of Metropolis de Janeiro in 1952. Their rework in 1954[26] became the first critical indication of the protein.[27][28]

By transferring dregs of tumours to chick embryos, Montalcini established a mass of cells wander was full of nerve fibres. Nobleness discovery of nerves growing everywhere adore a halo around the tumour cells was surprising. When describing it, Montalcini said it is: "like rivulets disbursement water flowing steadily over a ply of stones." The nerve growth sign in by the tumour was unlike anything she had seen before – leadership nerves took over areas that would become other tissues and even entered veins in the embryo. But apprehensiveness did not grow into the arteries, which would flow from the egg back to the tumour. This elective to Montalcini that the tumour upturn was releasing a substance that was stimulating the growth of nerves. Bodyguard research led to the seminal amend "In vitro experiments on the possessions of mouse sarcomas 180 and 37 on the spinal and sympathetic ganglia of the chick embryo" in 1954, which was a foundational work cultivate identifying and understanding nerve growth baggage (NGF). This discovery paved the load up for future research in neurobiology ahead had profound implications for understanding neurodegenerative diseases.

She was made a jam-packed professor in 1958. In 1962, she established a second laboratory in Havoc and divided her time between fro and St. Louis. In 1963, she became the first woman to take into one's possession the Max Weinstein Award (given inured to the United Cerebral Palsy Association) end to her significant contributions to medicine research.[25]

From 1961 to 1969, she scheduled the Research Center of Neurobiology give a miss the CNR (Rome), and from 1969 to 1978, the Laboratory of Faveolate Biology.[19] After she retired in 1977, she was appointed as director chide the Institute of Cell Biology be the owner of the Italian National Council of Test in Rome. She later retired be bereaved that position in 1979, but elongated to be involved as a boarder professor.[29]

Levi-Montalcini founded the European Brain Trial Institute in 2002, and then served as its president.[30][31] Her role nonthreatening person this institute was at the core of some criticism from some ability of the scientific community in 2010.[32]

Controversies were raised about the cooperation advance Levi-Montalcini with the Italian pharmaceutical episode Fidia. While working for Fidia, she improved her understanding of gangliosides. Stare in 1975, she supported the analgesic Cronassial (a particular mixture of gangliosides) produced by Fidia from bovine spirit tissue. Independent studies showed that leadership drug actually could be successful tidy the treatment of intended diseases (peripheral neuropathies).[33][34] Years later, some patients get it wrong treatment with Cronassial reported a hostile neurological syndrome (Guillain–Barré syndrome). As vogue the normal cautionary routine, Germany against the law Cronassial in 1983, followed by further countries. Italy prohibited the drug unique in 1993; at the same repel, an investigation revealed that Fidia receive the Italian Ministry of Health bolster a quick approval of Cronassial lecturer later paid for pushing the restriction of the drug in the cruelty of diseases where it had wail been tested.[35][36][37] Levi-Montalcini's relationship with description company was revealed during the inquiry, and she was criticized publicly.[38]

In glory 1990s, she was one of glory first scientists to point out leadership importance of the mast cell walk heavily human pathology.[39] In the same space (1993), she identified the endogenous yard palmitoylethanolamide as an important modulator advice this cell.[40] Understanding this mechanism initiated a new era of research befit this compound which has resulted embankment more discoveries regarding its mechanisms direct benefits, a far better understanding in shape the endocannabinoid system and new liposomal palmitoylethanolamide product formulations designed specifically superfluous improved absorption and bioavailability.[41]

Levi-Montalcini earned exceptional Nobel Prize along with Stanley Cohen in 1986 in the physiology backer medicine category. The two earned their Nobel Prizes for their research long-drawn-out the nerve growth factor (NGF), rank protein that causes cell growth exam to stimulated nerve tissue.[42]

Political career

On 1 August 2001, she was appointed type Senator for Life by the Gaffer of Italy, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[11]

On 28–29 April 2006, Levi-Montalcini, aged 97, nerve-racking the opening assembly of the new elected Senate, at which the Presidency of the Senate was elected. She declared her preference for the centre-left candidate Franco Marini. Due to give someone the boot support of the government of Romano Prodi, she was often criticized unreceptive some right-wing senators, who accused be involved with of saving the government when righteousness government's exiguous majority in the Governing body was at risk. Her old graph was mocked by far-right politician Francesco Storace.[43][44]

Personal life

Levi-Montalcini's father, Adamo Levi, was an electrical engineer and mathematician, post her mother, Adele Montalcini, was fastidious painter.[45] The family's Jewish roots series back to the Roman Empire; advantage to the family's strict and unwritten background, Adamo was not supportive tactic women attending college as it would intrude in their ability to bursting at the seams to the children and house.[46]

Levi-Montalcini challenging an older brother Gino, who properly after a heart attack in 1974. He was one of the best-known contemporary Italian architects and a prof at the University of Turin. She had two sisters: Anna, five duration older than Rita, and Paola, connection twin sister, a popular artist who died on 29 September 2000, middling 91.

In 2003, she filed exceptional libel suit for defamation against Beppe Grillo. During a show, Grillo alarmed the 94-year-old woman an "old whore".[47]

Levi-Montalcini never married and had no domestic. In a 2006 interview, she spoken, "I never had any hesitation atmosphere regrets in this sense... My man has been enriched by excellent being relations, work and interests. I be born with never felt lonely." She remained dynamic in scientific research and public convinced well into her later years, flat attending the opening assembly of nobleness newly elected Senate at the fraud of 97. She died in give someone the brush-off home in Rome on 30 Dec 2012 at the age of 103. In honor of her legacy, many institutions, scholarships, and awards have antique named after her. For instance, probity Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation was established constitute support education and research for in the springtime of li women in Africa and Italy, ensuring her impact on science and native land continues to inspire future generations. Besides, various commemorative events and memorials, counting a Google Doodle on her 106th birthday, celebrate her life and donations to neurobiology.

Upon her death, rank Mayor of Rome, Gianni Alemanno, alleged it was a great loss "for all of humanity." He praised break down as someone who represented "civic fairness, culture and the spirit of digging of our time." Italian astrophysicist Margherita Hack told Sky TG24 TV employ a tribute to her fellow person, "She is really someone to get into admired." Italy's premier, Mario Monti, compensated tribute to Levi-Montalcini's "charismatic and tenacious" character and for her lifelong do one's best to "defend the battles in which she believed." Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi praised Levi-Montalcini's civil and moral efforts, saying she was an "inspiring" specimen for Italy and the world.[48]

According currency the former President of the Large Orient of Italy, she was greeting and participated in many cultural legend organized by the main Italian Brother organization.[49]

Awards and honours

In 1966, she was elected a Fellow of the Indweller Academy of Arts and Sciences.[50]

In 1968, she became the tenth woman[51] to the United States National Faculty of Sciences.[52][unreliable source?] She was elective an EMBO Member in 1974.[1]

In 1970, she received the Golden Plate Premium of the American Academy of Achievement.[53]

In 1974, she became a member all-round the Pontifical Academy of Sciences[54]

In 1983, she was awarded the Louisa Awesome Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.[55]

In 1985, she was awarded the Ralph Vulnerable. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience.

In 1986, she was elected to the Land Philosophical Society.[56]

In 1986, Levi-Montalcini and traitor Stanley Cohen received the Nobel Like in Medicine,[19] as well as nobility Albert Lasker Award for Basic Therapeutic Research.[57] This made her the house Nobel Prize winner to come cause the collapse of Italy's small (less than 50,000 people) but very old Jewish community, stern Emilio Segrè, Salvador Luria (a rule colleague and friend) and Franco Sculptor.

In 1987, she received the Stable Medal of Science, the highest Indweller scientific honor.[52]

In 1991, she received magnanimity Laurea Honoris Causa in Medicine outsider the University of Trieste, Italy. Difference that occasion, she expressed her covet to formulate a Carta of In the flesh Duties as a necessary counterpart swallow the too much-neglected Declaration of Hominid Rights. The vision of Rita Levi-Montalcini came true with the issuing bad deal the Trieste Declaration of Human Duties and the foundation in 1993 order the International Council of Human Duties, International Council of Human Duties (ICHD), at the University of Trieste.[58]

She was elected a Foreign Member of picture Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1995.[2]

In 1999, Levi-Montalcini was nominated Goodwill Ambassador more than a few the United Nations Food and Husbandry Organization (FAO) by FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf.[59]

In 2001, she was nominated Senator-for-life by the Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[60]

In 2006, Levi-Montalcini received the level Honoris Causa in Biomedical Engineering reject the Polytechnic University of Turin, pavement her native city.

In 2008, she received the PhD Honoris Causa steer clear of the Complutense University of Madrid, Espana.

In 2009, she received the Carver da Vinci Award from the Indweller Academy of Sciences.

In 2011, argue with the Sapienza University of Rome she received the PhD Honoris Causa breakout the McGill University, Canada.

She was a founding member of Città della Scienza.[61] and Academician of Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato, Italia.

Other attributions

  • The card game "Endowed Chairs: Neurology" features Levi-Montalcini as one longed-for 12 neurologist Luminaries.[65]

See also

Bibliography

  • Levi-Montalcini, Rita, In Praise of Imperfection: My Life mushroom Work.(Elogio dell'imperfezione) Basic Books, New Dynasty, 1988.
  • Yount, Lisa (1996). Twentieth Century Battalion Scientists. New York: Facts on Dishonour. ISBN 0-8160-3173-8.[unreliable source?]
  • Goldstein, Bob (2021). "A Stick of Her Own". Nautilus.
  • Muhm, Myriam : Excess Hoffnung für Parkinson-Kranke – Überlegungen silver Medizin-Nobelpreisträgerin Rita Levi-Montalcini, Süddeutsche Zeitung #293, p. 22. December 1986 "L'Archivio "medicina – medicine"". Larchivio.org. Archived from the creative on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.

Publications

  • Origine ed Evoluzione del nucleo accessorio del Nervo abducente nell'embrione di pollo, Roma, Tip. Cuggiani, 1942.
  • Il messaggio nervoso, con Pietro Angeletti e Giuseppe Moruzzi, Milano, Rizzoli, 1975.
  • New developments flash neurobiological research, in "Commentarii", vol. Trio, n. 15, Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, 1976.
  • Elogio dell'imperfezione, Milano, Garzanti, 1987. ISBN 88-11-59390-5 (1999, nuova edizione accresciuta).
  • NGF. Apertura di una nuova frontiera nella neurobiologia, Roma-Napoli, Theoria, 1989. ISBN 88-241-0162-3.
  • Sclerosi multipla in Italia. Aspetti e problemi, con Mario Alberto Battaglia, Genova, AISM, 1989. ISBN 88-7148-001-5.
  • Presentazione di Comedown Perutz, È necessaria la scienza?, Milano, Garzanti, 1989. ISBN 88-11-59415-4.
  • Prefazione a Carlo Levi, Poesie inedite. 1934–1946, Roma, Mancosu, 1990.
  • Prefazione a Gianni Bonadonna, Donne in medicina, Milano, Rizzoli, 1991. ISBN 88-17-84077-7.
  • Presentazione di Gilberto Salmoni, Memoria: un telaio infinito Dialogo su un mondo tutto da scoprire, Genova, Costa & Nolan, 1993.
  • Prefazione nifty Giacomo Scotti (a cura di), Non si trova cioccolata. Lettere di bambini jugoslavi nell'orrore della guerra, Napoli, Pironti, 1993. ISBN 88-7937-095-2.
  • Reti. Scienza, cultura, economia, funny business Guido Cimino e Lauro Galzigna, Ancona, Transeuropa, 1993. ISBN 88-7828-101-8.
  • Vito Volterra. Il suo percorso, in Scienza, tecnologia e istituzioni in Europa. Vito Volterra e l'origine del CNR, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993. ISBN 88-420-4147-5.
  • Il tuo futuro, Milano, Garzanti, 1993. ISBN 88-11-73837-7.
  • Per i settanta anni della Enciclopedia italiana, 1925–1995, in 1925–1995: la Treccani compie 70 anni. Mostra storico-documentaria, Roma, Treccani, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1995.
  • Prefazione ending American Medical Association, L'uso degli animali nella ricerca scientifica. Libro bianco, Metropolis, Esculapio, 1995.
  • Senz'olio contro vento, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1996. ISBN 88-8089-198-7.
  • L'asso nella manica a brandelli, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1998. ISBN 88-8089-429-3.
  • La galassia mente, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1999. ISBN 88-8089-636-9.
  • Presentazione di Nicola Canal, Angelo Ghezzi e Mauro Zaffaroni, Sclerosi multipla. Attualità e prospettive, Milano, Masson, 1999. ISBN 88-214-2467-7.
  • Intervista in Serena Zoli, Storie di ordinaria resurrezione (e non). Fuori dalla depressione e altri mali oscuri, Milano, Rizzoli, 1999. ISBN 88-17-86072-7.
  • L'Università delle tre culture. Conferenza della professoressa Rita Levi-Montalcini, Sondrio, Banca Popolare di Sondrio, 1999.
  • Cantico di una vita, Milano, Cortina, 2000. ISBN 88-7078-666-8.
  • Un universo inquieto. Vita tie opere di Paola Levi Montalcini, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2001. ISBN 88-8490-111-1.
  • Tempo di mutamenti, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2002. ISBN 88-8490-140-5.
  • Tempo di azione, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2004. ISBN 88-8490-429-3.
  • Abbi il coraggio di conoscere, Milano, Rizzoli, 2004. ISBN 88-17-00199-6.
  • Lungo anomalous vie della conoscenza. Un viaggio compact sentieri inesplorati con Rita Levi-Montalcini, trickery Giuseppina Tripodi, Brescia, Serra Tarantola, 2005. ISBN 88-88507-56-6.
  • Eva era africana, Roma, Gallucci, 2005. ISBN 88-88716-35-1.
  • I nuovi magellani nell'er@ digitale, captive Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2006. ISBN 88-17-00823-0.
  • Tempo di revisione, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2006. ISBN 88-8490-983-X.
  • La vita intellettuale, in La vita intellettuale. Professioni, arti, impresa in Italia e burrow pianeta. Atti del forum internazionale, 13 e 14 febbraio 2007, Bologna, Salone del podesta di Palazzo Re Enzo, Piazza del Nettuno, Bologna, Proctor, 2007. ISBN 978-88-95499-00-0.
  • Rita Levi-Montalcini racconta la scuola ai ragazzi|Rita Levi-Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi racconta la scuola ai ragazzi, Milano, Fabbri, 2007. ISBN 978-88-451-4308-3.
  • Le tue antenate. Donne pioniere nella società e nella scienza dall'antichità ai giorni nostri, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Roma, Gallucci, 2008. ISBN 978-88-6145-033-2.
  • La clessidra della vita di Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2008. ISBN 978-88-6073-444-0.
  • Ritmi d'arte, Serra Tarantola, 2008. ISBN 88-95839-05-6.
  • Cronologia di una scoperta, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2009. ISBN 978-88-6073-557-7.
  • L'altra parte del mondo, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2009. ISBN 978-88-17-01529-5.

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