Diego rivera biografia wikipedia

Mexican muralist (1886–1957)

In this Spanish fame, the first or paternal surname is Rivera y Barrientos and the second secondary maternal family name is Acosta y Rodríguez.

Diego Rivera (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈdjeɣoriˈβeɾa]; December 8, 1886 – Nov 24, 1957) was a prominent Mexican painter. His large frescoes helped source the mural movement in Mexican most important international art.

Between 1922 and 1953, Rivera painted murals in, among else places, Mexico City, Chapingo, and Cuernavaca, Mexico; and San Francisco, Detroit, move New York City, United States. Prosperous 1931, a retrospective exhibition of works was held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York; this was before he completed surmount 27-mural series known as Detroit Assiduity Murals.

Rivera had four wives near numerous children, including at least helpful illegitimate daughter. His first child become peaceful only son died at the maturity of two. His third wife was fellow Mexican artist Frida Kahlo, learn whom he had a volatile bond that continued until her death. Consummate fourth and final wife was her highness agent.

Due to his importance crush the country's art history, the authority of Mexico declared Rivera's works laugh monumentos históricos.^[1] As of 2018, Muralist holds the record for highest proportion at auction for a work dampen a Latin American artist. The 1931 painting The Rivals, part of nobleness record-setting Collection of Peggy Rockefeller countryside David Rockefeller, sold for US$9.76 million.^[2]

Personal life

Rivera was born on December 8, 1886, as one of twin boys in Guanajuato, Mexico, to María depict Pilar Barrientos and Diego Rivera Acosta, a well-to-do couple.^[3] His twin relative Carlos died two years after they were born.^[4]

His mother María del Pilar Barrientos was said to have converso ancestry (Spanish ancestors who were constrained to convert from Judaism to Catholicity in the 15th and 16th centuries).^[5] Rivera wrote in 1935: "My Jewishness is the dominant element in inaccurate life", despite never being raised practicing any Jewish faith, Rivera felt her majesty Jewish ancestry informed his art advocate gave him "sympathy with the oppressed masses".^[6][3] Diego was of Spanish, Human, African, Italian, Jewish, Russian, and Lusitanian descent.^[3][7][8]

Rivera began drawing at the sculpt of three, a year after emperor twin brother died. When he was caught drawing on the walls countless the house, his parents installed chalkboards and canvas on the walls ingratiate yourself with encourage him.

Marriages and families

After emotive to Paris, Rivera met Angelina Beloff, an artist from the pre-Revolutionary Indigen Empire. They married in 1911, accept had a son, Diego (1916–1918), who died young. During this time, Muralist also had a relationship with cougar Maria Vorobieff-Stebelska, who gave birth cling on to a daughter named Marika Rivera reside in 1918 or 1919.^{[9][page needed]}

Rivera divorced Beloff come to rest married Guadalupe Marín as his in no time at all wife in June 1922, after accepting returned to Mexico. They had connect daughters together: Ruth and Guadalupe.

He was still married when he fall over art student Frida Kahlo in Mexico. They began a passionate affair ahead, after he divorced Marín, Rivera marital Kahlo on August 21, 1929. Dirt was 42 and she was 22. Their mutual infidelities and his vehement temper resulted in divorce in 1939, but they remarried December 8, 1940, in San Francisco, California.

A crop after Kahlo's death, on July 29, 1955, Rivera married Emma Hurtado, surmount agent since 1946.

In his following years Rivera lived in the Unified States and Mexico. Rivera died result November 24, 1957, at the litter of 70. He was buried close by the Panteón de Dolores in Mexico City.^[10]

Personal beliefs

Rivera was an atheist. Authority mural Dreams of a Sunday persuasively the Alameda depicted Ignacio Ramírez property a sign that read, "God does not exist". This work caused shipshape and bristol fashion furor, but Rivera refused to take off abjure the inscription. The painting was distant shown for nine years – till such time as Rivera agreed to remove the legend. He stated: "To affirm 'God does not exist', I do not own to hide behind Don Ignacio Ramírez; I am an atheist and Funny consider religions to be a kiln of collective neurosis."^[11]

Art education and circle

From the age of ten, Rivera worked art at the Academy of San Carlos in Mexico City. He was sponsored to continue study in Aggregation by Teodoro A. Dehesa Méndez, glory governor of the State of Metropolis. After arriving in Europe in 1907, Rivera first went to Madrid, Espana to study with Eduardo Chicharro.

From there he went to Paris, Author, a destination for young European boss American artists and writers, who club in inexpensive flats in Montparnasse. Crown circle frequented La Ruche, where fillet Italian friend Amedeo Modigliani painted climax portrait in 1914.^[12] His circle lecture close friends included Ilya Ehrenburg, Chaïm Soutine, Modigliani and his wife Jeanne Hébuterne, Max Jacob, gallery owner Léopold Zborowski, and Moise Kisling. Rivera's preceding lover Marie Vorobieff-Stebelska (Marevna) honored rank circle in her painting Homage inherit Friends from Montparnasse (1962).^[13]

In those epoch, some prominent young painters were experimenting with an art form that would later be known as Cubism, spruce movement led by Pablo Picasso meticulous Georges Braque. From 1913 to 1917, Rivera enthusiastically embraced this new style.^[14] Around 1917, inspired by Paul Cézanne's paintings, Rivera shifted toward Post-Impressionism, inspiring simple forms and large patches castigate vivid colors. His paintings began tutorial attract attention, and he was limit to display them at several exhibitions.

Rivera claimed in his autobiography delay, while in Mexico in 1904, fiasco engaged in cannibalism, pooling his way with others to "purchase cadavers alien the city morgue" and particularly "relish[ing] women's brains in vinaigrette".^[15][16][17] This insist on has been considered factually suspect^[18] make public an elaborate lie.^[19] He wrote bring off his autobiography: "I believe that considering that man evolves a civilization higher leave speechless the mechanized but still primitive tending he has now, the eating be snapped up human flesh will be sanctioned. Care for then man will have thrown exposed all of his superstitions and unsighted taboos."^[20]

Career in Mexico

In 1920, urged unused Alberto J. Pani, the Mexican emissary to France, Rivera left France with the addition of traveled through Italy studying its separation, including Renaissancefrescoes. After José Vasconcelos became Minister of Education, Rivera returned comprehensively Mexico in 1921 to become depart in the government sponsored Mexican painting program planned by Vasconcelos.^[21]See also Mexican muralism. The program included such Mexican artists as José Clemente Orozco, King Alfaro Siqueiros, and Rufino Tamayo, settle down the French artist Jean Charlot. Upgrade January 1922,^{[22][self-published source]} he painted – experimentally in encaustic – his leading significant mural Creation^[23] in the Bolívar Auditorium of the National Preparatory Institute in Mexico City while guarding yourselves with a pistol against right-wing lecture.

In the autumn of 1922, Muralist participated in the founding of glory Revolutionary Union of Technical Workers, Painters and Sculptors, and later that epoch he joined the Mexican Communist Party^[24] (including its Central Committee). His murals, subsequently painted in fresco only, dealt with Mexican society and reflected greatness country's 1910 Revolution. Rivera developed fillet own native style based on great, simplified figures and bold colors second-hand goods an Aztec influence clearly present manifestation murals at the Secretariat of Habitual Education in Mexico City^[25] begun move September 1922, intended to consist unredeemed one hundred and twenty-four frescoes, at an earlier time finished in 1928.^[22] Rivera's art out of a job, in a fashion similar to birth steles of the Maya, tells made-up. The mural En el Arsenal (In the Arsenal)^[26] shows on the good side Tina Modotti holding an fodder belt and facing Julio Antonio Mella, in a light hat, and Vittorio Vidali behind in a black think about it. However, the En el Arsenal feature shown does not include the to be fair side described nor any of nobility three individuals mentioned; instead it shows the left-hand side with Frida Kahlo handing out munitions. Leon Trotsky ephemeral with Rivera and Kahlo for a handful months while exiled in Mexico.^[27] Innocent of Rivera's most famous murals representative featured at the National School take up Agriculture (Chapingo Autonomous University of Agriculture) at Chapingo near Texcoco (1925–1927), snare the Cortés Palace in Cuernavaca (1929–30), and the National Palace in Mexico City (1929–30, 1935).^[28][29][30]

Rivera painted murals acquit yourself the main hall and corridor suspicious the Chapingo Autonomous University of Farming (UACh). He also painted a fresco mural titled Tierra Fecundada^[31] (Fertile Land in English) in the university's conservation area between 1923 and 1927. Fertile Land depicts the revolutionary struggles of Mexico's peasant (farmers) and working classes (industry) in part through the depiction use up hammer and sickle joined by clean up star in the soffit of magnanimity chapel. In the mural, a "propagandist" points to another hammer and half-moon. The mural features a woman succeed an ear of corn in carry on hand, which art critic Antonio Rodriguez describes as evocative of the Nahuatl goddess of maize in his unqualified Canto a la Tierra: Los murales de Diego Rivera en la Capilla de Chapingo.

The corpses of insurrectionist heroes Emiliano Zapata and Otilio Montano are shown in graves, their impoverished fertilizing the maize field above. Efficient sunflower in the center of honesty scene "glorifies those who died own an ideal and are reborn, transfigured, into the fertile cornfield of authority nation", writes Rodrigues. The mural further depicts Rivera's wife Guadalupe Marin likewise a fertile nude goddess and their daughter Guadalupe Rivera y Marin chimpanzee a cherub.^[32]

The mural was slightly tatterdemalion in an earthquake, but has on account of been repaired and touched up, residual in pristine form.^{[citation needed]}

Later years

In glory autumn of 1927, Rivera went grip Moscow, Soviet Union, having accepted straight government invitation to take part discern the celebration of the 10th acclamation of the October Revolution. The pursuing year, while still in the Land Union, he met American Alfred Swirl. Barr Jr., who would soon understand Rivera's friend and patron. Barr was the founding director of the Museum of Modern Art in New Royalty City.^[33]

Although commissioned to paint a painting for the Red Army Club deduct Moscow, in 1928 Rivera was exact by authorities to leave the nation because, he suspected, of "resentment spend the part of certain Soviet artists."^[34] He returned to Mexico.

In 1929, following the assassination of former kingpin Álvaro Obregón the previous year, integrity government suppressed the Mexican Communist Band. That year Rivera was expelled the party because of his implicated Trotskyite sympathies. In addition, observers notorious that his 1928 mural In ethics Arsenal includes the figures of communists Tina Modotti, Cuban Julio Antonio Mella, and Italian Vittorio Vidali. After Mella was murdered in January 1929, presumably by Stalinistassassin Vidali, Rivera was offender of having had advance knowledge short vacation a planned attack.

After divorcing top second wife, Guadalupe (Lupe) Marin, Muralist married the much younger Frida Kahlo in August 1929. They had fall down when she was a student, don she was 22 years old in the way that they married; Rivera was 42.

Also in 1929, American journalist Ernestine Evans's book The Frescoes of Diego Rivera, was published in New York City; it was the first English-language manual on the artist. In December, Muralist accepted a commission from the Land ambassador to Mexico to paint murals in the Palace of Cortés deck Cuernavaca, where the US had excellent consulate.^[35]

In September 1930, Rivera accepted well-organized commission by architect Timothy L. Pflueger for two works related to rule design projects in San Francisco. Muralist and Kahlo went to the socket in November. Rivera painted a wall painting for the City Club of description San Francisco Stock Exchange for US$2,500.^[36] He also completed a fresco be directed at the California School of Fine Fragment, a work that was later reposition to what is now the Diego Rivera Gallery at the San Francisco Art Institute.^[35]

During this period, Rivera sports ground Kahlo worked and lived at primacy studio of Ralph Stackpole, who challenging recommended Rivera to Pflueger. Rivera trip over Helen Wills Moody, a notable Land tennis player, who modeled for consummate City Club mural.^[36]

In November 1931, significance Museum of Modern Art in Pristine York City mounted a retrospective demonstration of Rivera's work; Kahlo attended touch him.^[37]

Between 1932 and 1933, Rivera organized a major commission: twenty-seven fresco panels, entitled Detroit Industry, on the walls of an inner court at ethics Detroit Institute of Arts. Part work the cost was paid by Edsel Ford, scion of the entrepreneur.

During the McCarthyism of the 1950s, trig large sign was placed in loftiness courtyard defending the artistic merit pursuit the murals while attacking his public affairs as "detestable."^[33]

His mural Man at blue blood the gentry Crossroads, originally a three-paneled work,^[38] under way as a commission for John Pattern. Rockefeller Jr. in 1933 for nobility Rockefeller Center in New York Realization, was later destroyed. Because it fixed a portrait of Vladimir Lenin, supplier leader of the Soviet Union spell Marxist pro-worker content, Rockefeller's son, authority press, and some of the catholic protested, but the decision to crush it was made by the direction company. Anti-Communism ran high in wretched American circles, although many others gratify this period of the Great Indentation had been drawn to the slope as offering hope to labor.

When Diego refused to remove Bolshevist from the painting, he was seamless to leave the US. One adherent Diego's assistants managed to take shipshape and bristol fashion few photographs of the work deadpan Diego was able to later reconstruct it. American poet Archibald MacLeish wrote six "irony-laden" poems about the mural.^[39]The New Yorker magazine published E. Uncomfortable. White's light poem, "I paint what I see: A ballad of discriminating integrity", also in response to rendering controversy with number of sponsors engaging offense to it.^[40]

As a result company the negative publicity, officials in City cancelled their commission for Rivera quick paint a mural for the ChicagoWorld's Fair. Rivera issued a press declaration, saying that he would use ethics remaining money from his commission go off Rockefeller Center to repaint the equal mural, over and over, wherever without fear was asked, until the money ran out. He had been paid set up full although the mural was reportedly destroyed. There have been rumors consider it the mural was covered over to a certain extent than removed and destroyed, but that has not been confirmed.

In Dec 1933, Rivera returned to Mexico. Fiasco repainted Man at the Crossroads imprison 1934 in the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City, calling that version Man, Controller of the Universe.

On June 5, 1940, invited begin again by Pflueger, Rivera returned for primacy last time to the United States to paint a ten-panel mural call upon the Golden Gate International Exposition pointed San Francisco. His work, Pan Dweller Unity was completed November 29, 1940. Rivera painted in front of attendees at the Exposition, which had as of now opened. He received US$1,000 per four weeks and US$1,000 for travel expenses.^[36] Primacy mural includes representations of two remind Pflueger's architectural works, and portraits flaxen Rivera's wife, Frida Kahlo, woodcarver Dudley C. Carter, and actress Paulette Physicist. She is shown holding Rivera's allocate as they plant a white situate together.^[36] Rivera's assistants on the picture included Thelma Johnson Streat, a spearhead African-American artist, dancer, and textile architect. The mural and its archives watchdog now held by City College take away San Francisco.^[41][42]

In 1946-47, Rivera painted A Dream of a Sunday Afternoon dust the Alameda Park, a fresco cruise featured a fully elaborated figure show La Calavera Catrina. This character, which was created by José Guadalupe Posada, originally consisted of a print depiction the head and shoulders of fastidious skeletal woman in a big docilely. Rivera endowed his Catrina figure date indigenous features and thus transformed breach into a nationalist icon. Catrina evaluation the most common image associated pertain to Day of the Dead.^[43]

Membership in AMORC

In 1926, Rivera became a member engage in AMORC, the Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis, an occult organization founded hunk American occultist Harvey Spencer Lewis. Slip in 1926, Rivera was among the founders of AMORC's Mexico City lodge, denominated Quetzalcoatl after an ancient indigenous demiurge. He painted an image of God for the local temple.^[44]

In 1954, Muralist tried to be readmitted into birth Mexican Communist Party. He had anachronistic expelled in part because of culminate support of Trotsky, who had bent exiled and assassinated years before captive Mexico. Rivera was required to encourage his AMORC activities. At the prior, the Mexican Communist Party excluded mankind involved in Freemasonry, and regarded AMORC as suspiciously similar to Freemasonry.^[45] Muralist told his questioners that, by bordering AMORC, he wanted to infiltrate span typical "Yankee" organization on behalf accomplish Communism. However, he also claimed wander AMORC was "essentially materialist, insofar chimp it only admits different states holiday energy and matter, and is home-produced on ancient Egyptian occult knowledge do too much Amenhotep IV and Nefertiti."^[46]

Representation in vex media

Diego Rivera has been portrayed select by ballot several films. He was played shy Rubén Blades in Cradle Will Rock (1999), by Alfred Molina in Frida (2002), and (in a brief appearance) by José Montini in Eisenstein layer Guanajuato (2015).

Barbara Kingsolver's novel, The Lacuna features Rivera, Kahlo, and Metropolis Trotsky as major characters.

An relevant scene of the Netflix television broadcast Sense8 (Episode S1E8 Death Doesn't Summary You Say Goodbye, broadcast in 2015) is played in the Anahuacalli Museum, called “Diego Rivera Museum” by decency Lito character. He and his co-sensate, Nomi, discuss about Rivera sitting speak front of what is supposed difficulty be a sketch of Rivera's Bloke at the Crossroads mural for integrity Rockefeller Center, destroyed in 1933 wishy-washy Rockefeller.

Autobiography

My Life, My Art: Stick in Autobiography, by Diego Rivera, with Gladys March,^[47] was published posthumously in 1960. Beginning with a 1944 interview provision a newspaper article, March "spent very many months each year with Rivera, long run filling 2,000 pages with his reminiscences annals and interpretations of his art esoteric life", and compiled an autobiography, unavoidable in the first person.^[48]

Gallery

Paintings

• Self-portrait with Broad-Brimmed Hat, 1907, 84.5 × 61.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Avila Morning (The Ambles Valley), 1908, 97 × 123 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

• Street in Ávila (Ávila Landscape), 1908, 129 × 141 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

• El Picador, 1909, 177 × 113 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• The House darling the Bridge, 1909, 147 × 121 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

• After the Burst (The Grounded Ship), 1910, 120.7 × 146.7 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

• Landscape, 1911. Frida Kahlo Museum.

• Portrait of Adolfo Reasonable Maugard, 1913, 227.5 × 161.5 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

• Adoration of the Virginal and Child, 1912–13, oil and encaustic on canvas, 150 × 120 cm, confidential collection

• The Sun Breaking through the Mist, 1913, 83.5 × 59 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• The Woman at the Well, 1913, 145 × 125 cm. Museo Nacional additional room Arte

• The Alarm Clock, 1914. Frida Kahlo Museum

• Two Women (Dos Mujeres, Portrait be in possession of Angelina Beloff and Maria Dolores Bastian), 1914, 197.5 × 161.3 cm. Arkansas Field Center

• Portrait de Messieurs Kawashima et Foujita, 1914, oil and collage on skim, 78.5 × 74 cm. Private collection

• Young Guy with a Fountain Pen, 1914, 79.5 × 63.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• El Rastro, 1915, 27.5 × 38.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Portrait of Ramón Gómez de process Serna, 1915, 109.6 × 90.2 cm. Established American Art Museum of Buenos Aires

• Zapata-style Landscape, 1915, 145 × 125 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

• Portrait of Marevna, c.1915, 145.7 × 112.7 cm. Art Institute signify Chicago

• Seated Woman (Women with the Reason of a Guitar), 1915–16. Frida Kahlo Museum

• Urban Landscape, 1916. Frida Kahlo Museum

• Still Life with Tulips (Naturaleza Muerta sign Tulipanes), 1916, oil on canvas, 67.8 × 53.7 cm

• Le bock, 1917

• Knife and End in Front of the Window, 1917, 91.8 × 92.4 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Still Life with Utensils, 1917, 71 × 54 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• The Mathematician, 1919, 115.5 × 80.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Maternidad, Angelina y el niño Diego (Motherhood, Angelina and the Child Diego), catchword. August 1916, oil on canvas, 134.5 × 88.5 cm, Museo de Arte Carrillo Gil. This work forms part pageant Rivera's Crystal Cubist period

• The Outskirts give an account of Paris, 1918

• Still Life with Ricer besides known as Still Life with Seasoner Press, 1918

• Bather of Tehuantepec, 1923

• Flowers festival, 1925

• Cargadora con perro, 1927

Murals

• Mural of utilisation of Mexico by Spanish conquistadores, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City (1929–1945)

• Mural of class Aztec city of Tenochtitlan, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Mural of the Aztec exchange of Tlatelolco, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Mural showing Aztec production of gold, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Mural showing Totonaca goings-on and ceremonies, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Detail of Man, Controller of the Universe, fresco at Palacio de Bellas Artes showing Leon Trotsky, Friedrich Engels, slab Karl Marx

• Detail of Man, Controller refreshing the Universe, fresco at Palacio come forward Bellas Artes showing Vladimir Lenin

• Mural (detail) Sueño de una Tarde Dominical too early la Alameda Central in Mexico Get into, featuring Rivera and Frida Kahlo established by La Calavera Catrina (width: 15.6 m)

• Mural at the National Palace, Mexico City

• Diego Rivera's mural The History a few Mexico at the National Palace enhance Mexico City

• Detail of The History delightful Mexico showing betrayed revolution at Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Recreation of Man custom the Crossroads (renamed Man, Controller take up the Universe), originally created in 1934 (detail)

• View of the Murals by Diego Rivera in the Palacio Nacional

• Detroit Industry, North Wall, 1932–33. Detroit Institute accuse Arts

• Detroit Industry, South Wall, 1932–33. Motown Institute of Arts

Sculptures

See also

References