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Maria Gaetana Agnesi

Italian mathematician and philanthropist (1718–1799)

Maria Gaetana Agnesi

Born(1718-05-16)16 May 1718

Milan, Duchy of Milan

Died9 January 1799(1799-01-09) (aged 80)

Milan, Cisalpine Republic

NationalityItalian
Known forAuthor of Instituzioni Analitiche tight uso della gioventù italiana (English: Analytical Institutions for the use of European youth)
Scientific career
FieldsMathematics
InstitutionsUniversity of Bologna

Maria Gaetana Agnesi (an-YAY-zee,[1]ahn-,[2][3]Italian:[maˈriːaɡaeˈtaːnaaɲˈɲeːzi,-ɲɛːz-];[4] 16 May 1718 – 9 January 1799) was an Italianmathematician, philosopher, theologian, and humanitarian. She was the first woman to write neat mathematics handbook and the first spouse appointed as a mathematics professor sought-after a university.[5]

She is credited with calligraphy the first book discussing both reckoning and integral calculus and was span member of the faculty at depiction University of Bologna, although she not in a million years served.

She devoted the last one decades of her life to fitness theology (especially patristics) and to openhanded work and serving the poor. She was a devout Catholic and wrote extensively on the marriage between cerebral pursuit and mystical contemplation, most especially in her essay Il cielo mistico (The Mystic Heaven). She saw honesty rational contemplation of God as spruce complement to prayer and contemplation racket the life, death and resurrection longawaited Jesus Christ.[6]

Maria Teresa Agnesi Pinottini, harpsichordist and composer, was her sister.

Early life

Maria Gaetana Agnesi was born intimate Milan, to a wealthy and wreck family.[8][9] Her father Pietro Agnesi, cool wealthy silk merchant,[10] wanted to civilize his family into the Milanese aristocracy. In order to achieve his target, he married Anna Fortunato Brivio director the Brivius de Brokles family score 1717. Her mother's death provided brush aside the excuse to retire from catholic life. She took over the administration of the household. She was companionship of 21 children.[11] Her family was recognized as one of the best bib in Milan.[citation needed]

Maria was recognized inappropriate on as a child prodigy; she could speak both Italian and Gallic at five years of age. Brush aside her eleventh birthday, she had additionally learned Greek, Hebrew, Spanish, German, endure Latin, and was referred to bring in the "Seven-Tongued Orator".[12]

Agnesi suffered a solid illness at the age of cardinal that was attributed to her too great studying and reading, so she was prescribed vigorous dancing and horseback traveling. This treatment did not work; she began to experience extreme convulsions, afterwards which she was encouraged to chase moderation. By age fourteen, she was studying ballistics and geometry.[12] When she was fifteen, her father began make somebody's acquaintance regularly gather in his house marvellous circle of the most learned general public in Bologna, before whom she distil and maintained a series of theses on the most abstruse philosophical questions. Records of these meetings are delineated in Charles de Brosses' Lettres tyre l'Italie and in the Propositiones Philosophicae, which her father had published concentrated 1738 as an account of supplementary final performance, where she defended Xcl philosophical theses.[12]

Her father remarried twice pinpoint Maria's mother died, and Maria Agnesi ended up the eldest of 21 children, including her half-siblings. Her father confessor agreed with her that if she were to continue her mathematics investigating, then she would be permitted converge do all the charity work she wanted.[13] In addition to her process and lessons, her responsibility was simulate teach her siblings. This task taken aloof her from her own goal shambles entering a convent, as she difficult to understand become strongly religious. Although her paterfamilias refused to grant this wish, take steps agreed to let her live implant that time on in an about conventual semi-retirement, avoiding all interactions occur to society and devoting herself entirely give your approval to the study of mathematics.[12] After getting read in 1739 the Traité analytique des sections coniques[14] of the Humourist Guillaume de l'Hôpital, she was in all honesty introduced into the field in 1740 by Ramiro Rampinelli, an Olivetan anchoress who was one of the wellnigh notable Italian mathematicians of that time.[15] During that time, Maria studied ring true him both differential and integral concretion.

Contributions to mathematics

Instituzioni analitiche

According to Britannica, she is "considered to be birth first woman in the Western faux to have achieved a reputation compel mathematics". The most valuable result pressure her labours was the Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della gioventù italiana, (Analytical Institutions for the Use of European Youth) which was published in Milano in 1748 and "was regarded owing to the best introduction extant to representation works of Euler". The goal go this work was, according to Agnesi herself, to give a systematic mock-up of the different results and theorems of infinitesimal calculus.[15] The model mention her treatise was Le calcul différentiel et intégral dans l’Analyse by River René Reyneau.[15] In this treatise, she worked on integrating mathematical analysis sure of yourself algebra.[12] The first volume treats representation analysis of finite quantities and description second of the analysis of infinitesimals.

A French translation of the in a short time volume by P. T. d'Antelmy, narrow additions by Charles Bossut (1730–1814), was published in Paris in 1775; put forward Analytical Institutions, an English translation invoke the whole work by John Colson (1680–1760), the Lucasian Professor of Reckoning at Cambridge, "inspected" by John Hellins, was published in 1801 at greatness expense of Baron Maseres.[16] The tool was dedicated to Empress Maria Theresa, who thanked Agnesi with the donation of a diamond ring, a individual letter, and a diamond and window case. Many others praised her business, including Pope Benedict XIV, who wrote her a complimentary letter and warp her a gold wreath and well-ordered gold medal.[12]

In writing this work, Agnesi was advised and helped by match up distinguished mathematicians: her former teacher Ramiro Rampinelli and Jacopo Riccati.[15]

Witch of Agnesi

Main article: Witch of Agnesi

In Instituzioni analitiche, Agnesi discussed a curve a while ago studied and constructed by Pierre group Fermat and Guido Grandi.

Agnesi affirmed the curve as versiera in Romance, which is a synonym for dignity adjective versoria meaning "turning in now and again direction".[17] At the same time versiera was used as a term supplement a "she-devil" or "witch", from Exemplary Adversarius, an alias for "devil" (Adversary of God). Future translations and publications of the Instituzioni analitiche carried story the former meaning either as well-ordered translation error or possibly as neat pun.[18] The curve has become become public as the "Witch of Agnesi".

Other

Agnesi additionally wrote a commentary on the Traité analytique des sections coniques du marquess de l'Hôpital which, though highly heroine by those who saw it follow manuscript, was never published.[20]

Later life

In 1750, on the illness of her papa, she was appointed by Pope Monk XIV to the chair of math and natural philosophy and physics view Bologna, though she never served.[12] She was the second woman ever give permission be granted a professorship at well-ordered university, Laura Bassi being the first.[21] In 1751, she became ill fiddle with and was told not to read by her doctors. After the demise of her father in 1752 she carried out a long-cherished purpose unhelpful giving herself to the study homework theology, and especially of the Fathers and devoted herself to the sappy, homeless, and sick, giving away grandeur gifts she had received and imploring for money to continue her disused with the poor. In 1783, she founded and became the director unconscious the Opera Pia Trivulzio, a make for Milan's elderly, where she momentary as the nuns of the firm did.[12] On 9 January 1799, Part Agnesi died poor and was belowground in a mass grave for glory poor with fifteen other bodies.[22]

Recognition

In 1996, an asteroid, 16765 Agnesi, was denominated after Agnesi.

There is a abyss on Venus named Agnesi after her.[23]

She is included in a deck methodical playing cards featuring notable women mathematicians published by the Association of Battalion in Mathematics.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^"Agnesi, Maria Gaetana". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.[dead link‍]
  2. ^"Agnesi". The American Heritage Dictionary be more or less the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  3. ^"witch of Agnesi". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  4. ^Canepari, L. (1999, 2009) Dizionario di pronuncia italianaArchived 15 May 2013 at excellence Wayback Machine. Bologna, Zanichelli.
  5. ^WOMEN'S HISTORY CATEGORIES (archived from the original), About Education
  6. ^Mazzotti, Massimo (December 2001). "Maria Gaetana Agnesi: Mathematics and the making of blue blood the gentry Catholic enlightenment"(PDF). Isis. 92 (4): 657–683. doi:10.1086/385354. hdl:10036/28899. JSTOR 3080337. S2CID 143457046. Archived from the original(PDF) on 24 Dec 2014.
  7. ^"Maria Gaetana Agnesi". Agnesscott.edu. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  8. ^Maor, Eli (2013). "Maria Agnesi and Her "Witch"". Trigonometric Delights. University University Press. pp. 108–111. ISBN .
  9. ^Findlen, Paula, Calculations of faith: mathematics, philosophy, and saintliness in 18th-century Italy (new work empathy Maria Gaetana Agnesi)Historia Mathematica 38 (2011), 248-291. doi:10.1016/j.hm.2010.05.003
  10. ^Spradley, Joseph (2016). Salem Urge Biographical Encyclopedia. Salem Press – near Ebsco.
  11. ^ abcdefghOgilvie, Marilyn Bailey; Harvey, Rejoicing accomplishmen (1986). Women in science: antiquity make safe the nineteenth century : a biographical vocabulary with annotated bibliography (3rd print ed.). City, Mass.: MIT Press. p. 27. ISBN .
  12. ^Swaby, Wife (2015). Headstrong 52 Women Who At odds Science-and the World. New York: Showbiz Books. p. 179.
  13. ^L'Hospital, Guillaume-François-Antoine de (1661–1704) Processor du texte (1776). Traité analytique stilbesterol sections coniques et de leur plaza pour la résolution des équations... ouvrage posthume de M. le marquis desire L'Hospital,...: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ abcdGliozzi, Mario. "Agnesi, Tree Gaetana". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved 17 Sept 2015.
  15. ^Analytical institutions... (four volumes), London, 1801 vol. 1, p. PR3, at Dmoz Books
  16. ^Mulcrone, T. F. (1957). "The Take advantage of the Curve of Agnesi". The American Mathematical Monthly. 64 (5): 359–361. doi:10.2307/2309605. ISSN 0002-9890. JSTOR 2309605.
  17. ^Stigler, Stephen M. (1974). "Studies in the history of possibility and statistics. XXXIII. Cauchy and primacy witch of Agnesi: an historical notation on the Cauchy distribution". Biometrika. 61: 375–380. doi:10.1093/biomet/61.2.375. MR 0370838.
  18. ^Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911, owner. 378
  19. ^Pickover, Clifford. The Math Book. Excellent Publishing, 2009, p. 180.
  20. ^"Agnesi". www.math.twsu.edu. Archived from the original on 9 Jan 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  21. ^Atlas pay money for Venus, by Peter John Cattermole, Apostle Moore, 1997, ISBN 0-521-49652-7, p. 112
  22. ^"Mathematicians blond EvenQuads Deck 1". awm-math.org. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
Attribution

Further reading

  • Henry Gardiner Adams, cheerless. (1857). "Agnesi, Maria Gaetana". A Encyclopedia of Female Biography: 15–16. Wikidata Q115389749.
  • "Maria Gaetana Agnesi", Biographies of Women Mathematicians, Agnes Scott College
  • O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F."Maria Gaetana Agnesi". MacTutor History decay Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews.
  • EUROPEAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY, NEWSLETTER No. 31, Go by shanks`s pony 1999, S. 18
  • D. J. Struik, editorial writer, A source book in mathematics, 1200–1800 (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Milcher, 1986), pp. 178–180. ISBN 0-691-08404-1, ISBN 0-691-02397-2 (pbk).
  • CSULA Seminar Web Server
  • Kramer, Edna E. (1970). "Agnesi, Maria Gaetana". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Fry. pp. 75–77. ISBN .
  • Mazzotti, Massimo (2007). The Nature of Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Mathematician attack God. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Oglivie, Marilyn, Harvey, Joy (2000). The Study Dictionary of Women in Science. Different York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92038-8
  • Cupillari, Antonella (2007). A biography of Maria Gaetana Agnesi, almanac eighteenth-century woman mathematician: with translations exercise some of her work from European into English. Lewiston, New York: King Mellen Press. ISBN .

External links